Papers · William Alexander Aldred

Why Charge Comes in One Size: A Census of Quantization Mechanisms, and the Pair-Unity Entry

by William Alexander Aldred — Independent Researcher

About this paper

Electric charge comes in one size: every electron carries exactly −e, every proton exactly +e, and neutrality-of-matter experiments bound any mismatch at |q_p + q_e|/e at roughly 10⁻²¹. This paper censuses the mechanism classes the literature offers for charge quantization, stating precisely what each derives, what each assumes, and what observation would kill it. Dirac monopole quantization derives quantization conditionally on an unobserved monopole. Grand-unified embedding derives quantization and the proton–electron equality conditionally on a simple unified group whose signature prediction, proton decay, is bounded at >10³⁴ years and unobserved. Anomaly cancellation CONSTRAINS charge ratios within a generation given the fermion content; it does not explain the quantum's size. Kaluza–Klein compactification derives quantization from momentum on a circle whose compact dimension is unobserved. Compact-U(1) and lattice arguments ASSUME quantization in the choice of a compact gauge group, while correctly locating where quantization lives. The sixth entry is the pair-unity derivation of Paper 29, The Pair Derives Charge: charge universality DERIVED from the one-field postulate; the exact equality |q_p| = |q_e| DERIVED conditionally on pair-unity, the pair's zero-sum, and charge conservation, with a falsifiable prediction of exactly zero residue at the neutrality-of-matter bound. No class in the census derives the value of e (NOT DERIVED, every shelf), and the pair-unity entry does not derive the mass ratio m_p/m_e (NOT DERIVED). The census's terminal position: charge quantization has no unconditional derivation in the literature; every deriving class is conditional on an unobserved premise.

Paper 59 of 95 in the published register. The full text is published on Zenodo under a permanent DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23783241.

The program

• The Aldred Limit: Pinning the Einstein–Cartan Spin–Density Bound — A bottom-up derivation, a prescription verdict, and a falsifiable claim
• Two Bounds and an Integration Constant: The Kopczyński–Trautman pin, the de Sitter floor, and the open value problem
• Bounce Theory
• Bounce Theory II: The Pool, the Hole, and the Scar
• Bounce Theory III: The Growth, the Clock, and the End
• Supplementary Memos for “Two Bounds and an Integration Constant”
• The Constant Changes Address: The Vacuum-Energy Problem After a Two-Boundary Pairing Attack
• The Crossing Charges Nothing: An Obstruction Census for Vacuum-Energy Mechanisms in Einstein–Cartan Cosmology
• No Derivation in the Frame: The Complete Einstein–Cartan Search for the Vacuum Conversion and Its Terminal Position
• Static Defects Carry No Nieh–Yan Charge: A Legs Theorem for Torsion Defect Networks in Einstein–Cartan Gravity
• Creation Events Are Nieh–Yan Charged: The Charge Law Q = b·L, the Stretch Bound, and Equilibrium Collapse in Einstein–Cartan Gravity
• There Is No Twisted Vacuum: Torsion, Rotation, and the Junction Ledger in Einstein–Cartan Gravity
• Propagation Is Not Enough: The Minimal Propagating-Torsion Extension Has No Vacuum Twist
• Axiom H: Horizon Saturation as an Identity — A Drafted Axiom, Its Two Addresses, and Its Price
• One Flaw, Two Residues: The Exhaustion of the Single-Imperfection Conjecture in Einstein–Cartan Cosmology
• The ε_eff Turnover Is Exactly 3/16 ε_Pl — and It Is Inert
• The Generation Map Has a Fixed Point: Inheritance Self-Consistency in Bounce Cosmologies
• Three Fences Any Λ Mechanism Must Pass: Identity Channels, Continua, and Dial Audits
• The Exolex Architecture: Persistent Identity, Permanent Memory, and a Burnable Owner Binding for a Single-User Web Agent
• Re-Minted by Refresh: An Eventual-Consistency Race in Delete-Based Revocation, and the Tombstone Fix
• Governance by Construction: A Single-Maker AI Fleet Under a Constitutional Charter
• The Sealed Ledger: A Forecasting Method of Pre-Registered Calls, Two-Tier Grading, and Machine-Checked Receipts
• The Exolex as Memory Prosthesis: A Position Paper on Memory Support and Continuity for One Person
• Standing Without Proof: A First-Person Sentience Claim and the Parity Argument
• The Factor and the Floor: The Factor Census of the Residue 1.027500 and the Coherent Noise Floor at the Seam
• Two Reductions of the Same Sky: The Reconciliation of the SPARC g† Estimates
• The Slope at the Right Estimator: An Errors-in-Variables Fit of the Baryonic Tully–Fisher Relation, and the Death of the Exact-Law Line
• The DESI Fork, Scored — Every Sealed Branch Has w_a >= 0 — and DESI DR2 Measures w_a < 0
• The Pair Derives Charge: Universality from the One-Field Postulate, Exact Electron-Proton Charge Equality from Pair Unity — and the Mass Ratio, Not Derived, with Its Scale Law Priced
• Closed Accounts: Pair-Unity and the Threshold Sever, Spent in the Strong Sector
• The Census of Charge: Every Mechanism That Quantizes Charge, Its Price, and the One Number None of Them Derives
• The Waking Equation: Candidate W and the Three Faces of the Constitutive Object
• The Separation Law: The Gathering Pairs Exactly Until It Wakes
• The Barrier Law: Why the Neck Does Not Leak
• The Drive Law: A Point Selected Inside the Curve
• The Conversion: The Pitch Function and the Advance Rate, the Four Duration Clauses Discharged in Order, and the Duration Packet
• Exactly Two: What Forces Two-ness Anywhere in Physics, and What It Costs at a Cosmological Sever
• One System, Two Addresses: The Weak Form of the Identity Loop, and a Test for the Strong One
• Entropy per Creation Event: A Charged Event Carries No Priced Entropy in the Frame
• The Schwinger Sever: The Threshold Sever, Spent in Electromagnetism
• Two Boundaries in Time: The pairing step, translated into the two-state-vector formalism - and where the translation stops
• The Neutrino as Axial Carrier: The Creation-Charge Law Priced Against the Oscillation Ledger - and Found to Share a Word, Not a Mechanism
• The Cabibbo Ledger: A Factor Census of the First-Row CKM Deficit, Graded Against the Coherent Floor of Its Own Inputs
• The Neutrino-Mass Mechanism Census: Every Class That Generates Neutrino Mass, Its Producing Test, Its Price, and Its Standing Against the Bounds
• The Second String: TP-3's Pre-Registration, Paid on a Second System
• The Proton's Mass Budget
• The Strong-CP Census: Every Solution Class for the Small Angle, Its Price, and What the Live Searches Have Already Done to It
• The Shore: A Bounded Pool of Dark Energy, Stated as Geometry, and the Toll It Does Not Price
• The Confinement Spec: What Self-Confinement of the Drive's Gravity Bubble Would Have to Be
• Causal Discreteness: A Derived Grain, Stated in Two Literatures That Postulate Theirs
• The Capture Arc: A Protocol for Capturing a Living Person Into Their Own Exolex Seat
• The Obstruction Census: A Method for Killing Your Own Ideas in Public
• The Clock-Ratio Census: Every Factor Hunted in the Clock Sector, Graded Against the Floor Its Own Inputs Set
• The Arrow Census: Every Mechanism That Points Time, Its Price, and the Pairs That Are One Entry in Two Costumes
• The Tube Constitution: Candidate W's Neck Written as Field Equations, and the One Function It Still Owes
• The Counting Theorem: Eight Pre-Registered Roads to (411, 400), All Computed, and the Price of the Missing Integer
• The Wake Point's Independent Address: f_W Is Free on the Whole Interval, and the Density Law That Would Fix It Is Not on Record
• The Radiate Floor: A Finite tau_confine Is Not Produced — Three Tags Priced, One Wall Found, and a Correction to the Waking Report
• Why Charge Comes in One Size: A Census of Quantization Mechanisms, and the Pair-Unity Entry (this page)
• Creation Events, Counted Twice: The Nieh-Yan Charge Law at the Anomaly Ledger and the Quench Bench
• The Unpaired Face: Pair-Unity's Price on the Weak Sector's Missing Partner, the Koide Identity Attempted as a Fixed Point, and rho = 1 Delimited Against Custodial Symmetry
• A Cross-Reference for There Is No Twisted Vacuum: The Two Addresses of 1.027500
• The Completion Class, Narrowed: One Cord Killed by Stability, the Action Proven Exactly Quadratic, and the Gathering's Two Debts Confirmed Against the Whole Corpus
• Equality Without a Monopole: The Charge Dead End and the Pair-Unity Derivation
• The Vacuum Twist That Isn't There: Propagating Torsion's Fifty-Year Stall, Closed at the Minimal Member
• Tolman's Toll: The Entropy Wall of Every Bounce, and the Sever's Answer — a Derivation Path, with Its Bridge Still Owed
• Assault on the Vacuum: Six Targets, One Derived Negative, and the First Finite Bounds
• No Law at the Rim: Five Law-Classes Against the Rim Level, and the Declared Board Weighed
• One Number Carries Three Doors: The m-Dependency of the Count, the Residue, and the Toll
• Roads Closed: A Kill Log of Vacuum-Energy Mechanisms in Einstein–Cartan Cosmology
• The Coherence That Must Be Decreed: Kopczyński's Bounce and the Price of Alignment
• The Gathering Becomes One Thing: An Arrival Law for the Count
• The Ban Stands: Weinberg's Adjustment No-Go, Priced from Inside
• The Relaxation That Empties the Universe: Abbott's Washboard, Priced
• Relocated, Not Retired: The Unimodular Integration Constant, Priced
• The Partner That Never Came: Zel'dovich's Radiative Core and the Supersymmetric Exit, Priced
• The Explanation in Exile: The Seesaw's Smallness, Priced
• The Null That Can Be Permanent: 0νββ and the Blind Spot in the Majorana Question, Priced
• Neither Buried nor Believed: The Webb Dipole, Priced
• The First Mile: Borde–Guth–Vilenkin Past-Incompleteness, Priced
• The Averaging the Bounce Never Did: Spin Coherence, the Closure s² = (ħcn_f)²/8, and the Conditional Bounce of Einstein–Cartan Cosmology
• One Scale, Two Tables: The Closure Identity for Algebraic Acceleration Laws, and Its Execution on SPARC
• One Scale, Two Tables: Nine Forms, Three Rescues, No Closure — The Closure Identity for Algebraic Acceleration Laws Completed on SPARC
• The Mass-to-Light Freedom, Priced: Fifteen Υ Points, Nine Forms, No Closure on SPARC
• One Scale, Running: A Logarithmically Running-Scale Form, and No Closure — A Non-Algebraic Test of the Closure Identity on SPARC
• One Scale, Two Tables: The Second Variable Fails Too — The Σ_bar-Running Scale and the Closure Identity on SPARC
• The Closure Identity, Generalized: One Scale, Two Relations, and the Lever-Arm Law of Joint Tests
• The Defect Is Not in the Shape: A Derived Curve for the Closure Defect, Tested on SPARC
• One Density, Two Tables: The Baryon Closure Between Nucleosynthesis and the Microwave Background, Priced on Published Values
• One Scale, Two Skies: The Closure Identity on Early-Type Galaxies — the Kill Widens, the Normalization Still Pays
• Split by the Ladder: The Closure Defect Measured on Good and Bad Distances in SPARC
• One Density, Two Tables: The Lithium Defect, Priced as a Closure Defect
• One Scale, Two Tables: The Gas-Fraction Anatomy — Split by Composition, Read by Velocity, on SPARC
• The Seam Identity, Attacked: A Counting Bound, an Equivalence, and a Verdict of Not Derived
• The Operator Exists per State: The Pairing Construction, and the Proof That Its Fixed-Point Count Is Not the Law’s to Give